Fe(oh)2

Appendix 1 – Theoretical Voltage & Capcity of Major Battery Systems

Primary Anode Cathode Reaction Mechanism Voltage% Energy% Density^

Leclanche                

Zn           

MnO2      

Zn + 2MnO2

à

ZnO + Mn2O3   

1.6

358

165

Magnesium 

Mg

MnO2

Mg + 2MnO2 + H2O

à

Mn2O3 + Mg(OH)2

2.8

759

195

Alkaline MnO2

Zn

MnO2

Zn + 2MnO2

à

ZnO + Mn2O3

1.5

358

400

Mercury

Zn

HgO

Zn + HgO

à

ZnO + Hg

1.34 255 470

Mercad

Cd HgO

Cd + HgO + H2O

à

Cd(OH)2 + Hg

0.91 148 230 Silver Oxide Zn

Ag2O 

Zn + Ag2O + H2O

à

Zn(OH)2 + 2Ag

1.6 288 525

Zinc/O2

Zn

O2

Zn + 0.5O2

à

ZnO

1.65 1085 1300

Zinc/Air

Zn

Air

Zn + 0.5O2

à

ZnO

1.65 1353 1300

Li/SOCl2

Li

SOCl2

4Li + 2SOCl2

à

4LiCl + S + SO2    

3.65 1471 1100

Li/SO2

Li

SO2

2Li + 2SO2

à

Li2S2O4   

3.1 1175 415

LiMnO2

Li

MnO2

Li + MnIVO2

à

MnIVO2(Li+)

3.5 1001 535

Li/FeS2

Li

FeS2

4Li + FeS2

à

Li2S + Fe 

1.8 1307 500

Li/(CF)n

Li

(CF)n 

nLi + (CF)n

à

nLiF + nC   

3.1 2189 635

Li/I2(3) 

Li

I2(P2VP)

Li + 0.5I2

à

LiI 

2.8 560 900 Secondary Anode Cathode Reaction Mechanism Voltage% Energy% Density^

Lead-Acid

Pb

 PbO2

Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4

à

2PbSO4 + 2 H2O

2.1 252 70

Edison

Fe

NiO2

Fe + 2NiOOH + 2H2O

à

2Ni(OH)2 + Fe(OH)2 

1.4 314 355

Nickel-Cadmium

Cd

NiO2 

Cd + 2NiOOH + 2H2O

à

  2Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2

1.35 244 100

Nickel-Zinc

Zn

NiO2

Zn + 2NiOOH + 2H2O

à

2Ni(OH)2 + Zn(OH)2

1.73

372

120

Nickel-Hydrogen

H2

NiO2

H2 + 2NiOOH

à

2Ni(OH)2

1.5 434 60

Nickel Metal Hydride

MH

NiO2 

MH + NiOOH

à

M + Ni(OH)2

1.35

240

240

Silver-Zinc

Zn

AgO

Zn + AgO + H2O

à

Zn(OH)2 + Ag

1.85

524

180

Silver-Cadmium

Cd

AgO

Cd + AgO + H2O

à

Cd(OH)2 + Ag

1.4

318

120

Zinc/Chlorine

Zn

Cl2

Zn + Cl2

à

ZnCl2

2.12

835

–

Zinc/Bromine

Zn

Br2

Zn + Br2

à

Zn Br2

1.85

572

60

Lithium Ion

LixC6

Li(i-x)CoO2

LixC6 + Li(i-x)CoO2

à

LiCoO2 +C6

4.1

410

400

Lithium/MnO2

Li

MnO2

Li + MnIVO2

à

MnIVO2(Li+)

3.5

1001

265

Lithium/FeS2

Li(Al)

FeS2

2Li(Al) + FeS2

à

Li2FeS2 + 2Al 

1.73

493

350

Lithium/FeSv

Li(Al)

FeS

2Li(Al) + FeS

à

Li2S + Fe + 2Al

1.33

459

220

Sodium/Sulfer

Na

S

2Na + 3S

à

Na2S3

2.1

792

345

Sodium/NiCl2

Na

NiCl2

2Na + NiCl2

à

2NaCl + Ni

2058

787

190

Reserve Anode Cathode Reaction Mechanism Voltage% Energy% Density^

Cuprous Chloride

Mg

CuCl

Mg + Cu2Cl2

à

MgCl2 + 2Cu

1.6 386 80

Zinc/AgO

Zn

AgO

Zn + AgO + H20

à

Zn (OH)2 + Hg

1.81 512 75

Thermal 

Li

FeS2

Various

2.1-1.6

1307 100 Fuel Cells Anode Cathode Reaction Mechanism Voltage% Energy% Density^

H2O2

H2

O2

H2 + 0.5O2

à

H2O

1.23

3660

–

H2/Air

H2

Air

H2 + 0.5O2

à

H2O

1.23

32702

–

Methanol/O2

CH3OH

O2

CH3OH + 1.5O2

à

CO2 + 2H2O

1.24

2480

–

Methanol/Air

CH3OH

Air

CH3OH + 1.5O2

à

CO2 + 2H2O

1.24

6225

–

             

% – Theoretical Values

^ – Practical Value

Source: The Handbook of Batteries (3rd Edition) by David Linden & Thomas Reddy

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